Anil And Co.

Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification process that uses a semi-permeable membrane to separate water molecules from other substances. RO applies pressure to overcome osmotic pressure that favors even distributions. RO can remove dissolved or suspended chemical species as well as biological substances (principally bacteria), and is used in industrial processes and the production of potable water. RO retains the solute on the pressurized side of the membrane and the purified solvent passes to the other side. The relative sizes of the various molecules determines what passes through. Selective membranes reject large molecules, while accepting smaller molecules (such as solvent molecules, e.g., water)

Ultrafiltration (UF) is a variety of membrane filtration in which forces such as pressure or concentration gradients lead to a separation through a semipermeable membrane. Suspended solids and solutes of high molecular weight are retained in the so-called retentate, while water and low molecular weight solutes pass through the membrane in the permeate (filtrate). This separation process is used in industry and research for purifying and concentrating macromolecular (10³–10⁶ Da) solutions, especially protein solutions.

Ultrafiltration is not fundamentally different from microfiltration. Both of these are separate based on size exclusion or particle capture. It is fundamentally different from membrane gas separation, which separate based on different amounts of absorption and different rates of diffusion. Ultrafiltration membranes are defined by the molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of the membrane used. Ultrafiltration is applied in cross-flow or dead-end mode.

Demineralization Water Treatment is a physical process. Ion exchange resins are specially manufactured which help to replace the mineral salts in water. There are two types of resins – anion exchange and cation exchange resins. The former resins release hydroxyl ions which are usually negatively charged ions. The cation resins release hydrogen ions which are usually positively charged ions. As the name suggests, this is a process with two vessels – one with a cation resin and the other with anion resin. First, water passes through a cation exchanger. Every cation gets exchanged with equivalent hydrogen ions. This keeps the water electrically balanced. Water leaving the cation then passes through an anion exchange. The same principle is applied here and anions are exchanged with hydroxyl ions.

Nanofiltration is a membrane filtration process that uses nanometer sized pores through which particles smaller than about 1–10 nanometers pass through the membrane. Nanofiltration membranes have pore sizes of about 1–10 nanometers, smaller than those used in microfiltration and ultrafiltration, but a slightly bigger than those in reverse osmosis. Membranes used are predominantly polymer thin films.^[1] It is used to soften, disinfect, and remove impurities from water, and to purify or separate chemicals such as pharmaceuticals.

The Pressure Sand Filter consists of a multiple layer of sand with a variety in size and specific gravity. These Filters are designed to remove turbidity and suspended particles present in the feed water with minimum pressure drop. These Filters are custom designed to suit the process requirement.

Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions. Soft water also extends the lifetime of plumbing by reducing or eliminating scale build-up in pipes and fittings. Water softening is usually achieved using lime softening or ion-exchange resins, but is increasingly being accomplished using nanofiltration or reverse osmosis membranes.

Demineralization Water Treatment is a physical process. Ion exchange resins are specially manufactured which help to replace the mineral salts in water. There are two types of resins – anion exchange and cation exchange resins. The former resins release hydroxyl ions which are usually negatively charged ions. The cation resins release hydrogen ions which are usually positively charged ions. As the name suggests, this is a process with two vessels – one with a cation resin and the other with anion resin. First, water passes through a cation exchanger. Every cation gets exchanged with equivalent hydrogen ions. This keeps the water electrically balanced. Water leaving the cation then passes through an anion exchange. The same principle is applied here and anions are exchanged with hydroxyl ions.

The Activated Carbon Filter consists of a multiple layer of sand with a variety in size and specific gravity. These Filters are designed to remove turbidity and suspended particles present in the feed water with minimum pressure drop. These Filters are custom designed to suit the process requirement.